NEUROMODULATION IN BLADDER DYSFUNCTION

Neuromodulation is one option for the management of a wide variety of lower urinary tract disorders, including nonneuropathic and neuropathi c bladder dysfunctions. The mechanisms of action of the reported techn iques remain unclear; urodynamic changes are minimal, but symptomatic improvements are common. Although the treatment is relatively free fro m side-effects compared with more aggressive surgical options, the pla cebo effect is likely to be significant. Its exact cost effectiveness is unclear, but the technology is a welcome addition to the range of t reatment options for lower urinary tract dysfunctions, such as urgency and urge incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 10:395-399. (C) 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.