A model approximates the compliance of elastic contact between an inde
nter and a layered specimen (isotropic and transversely isotropic laye
rs) by averaging the displacements beneath a uniformly loaded area at
the surface of an elastic half-space. For a uniform, isotropic materia
l the specimen compliance is (1 - nu(2))/beta ES where S is the square
root of the projected contact area, E and nu are Young's modulus and
Poisson's ratio of the specimen, and beta depends on indenter shape: b
eta = 1.044, 1.057, or 1.086 for circular, square, and triangular-shap
ed indenters, respectively. An expression to replace (1 - nu(2))/E is
provided in the treatment of a transversely isotropic solid.