Lower arch crowding and dimensions were measured on study models of 46
untreated subjects, 20 male and 26 female, at age 18 years (T1), 21 y
ears (T2), and 28 years (T3), and the changes during the observation p
eriods calculated. Only very small changes, few of them detectable cli
nically, were found. The findings are discussed in relation to the cha
nges reported in untreated subjects in other age groups and in orthodo
ntically-treated subjects after retention.