Number partitioning is an NP-complete problem of combinatorial optimiz
ation. A statistical mechanics analysis reveals the existence of a pha
se transition that separates the easy- from the hard-to-solve instance
s and that reflects the pseudopolynomiality of number partitioning. Th
e phase diagram and the value of the typical ground-state energy are c
alculated. [S0031-9007(98)07670-4].