Connolly, Terry, Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Expectancy Models of Work Performance Motivation, Academy of Management review , 1(4), 1976, pp. 37-47
Expectancy-type models are the dominant paradigm for research in work-related motivation, although empirical support for these models has been uneven. Part of the variability of empirical support is probably due to problems of concept and methodology associated with these formulations. Drawing on the critical literature, the apparent central problems are identified and directions for their resolution are suggested.