G. Ouchi, William et M. Jaeger, Alfred, Type Z Organization: Stability in the Midst of Mobility, Academy of Management review , 3(2), 1978, pp. 305-314
Aspects of the "ideal types" of American (Type A) and Japanese (Type J) forms of organization are compared and related to their socio-cultural roots. A hybrid organizational "ideal type" (Type Z), which is particularly appropriate for many situations in today's changing American society, is presented.