Toward an Appreciation of Collective Strategy

The field of business policy has variously characterized the task of managing organization-environment relations as: (a) responding to exogenous environmental threats and opportunities, (b) negotiating resource interdependencies with outside stakeholders, and (c) strategically maneuvering vis-à-vis competitors in industrial arenas.An alternative way of characterizing the task of managing organization-environment relations is offered.This focuses on the notion of collective strategy: the joint formulation of policy and implementation of action by the members of interorganizational collectivities.