Substantive audit sampling - The challenge of achieving efficiency along with effectiveness

Generally accepted audit standards (GAAS) mention and explain numerous variables for consideration when auditors plan audit samples for tests of balances. The auditing standards go to considerable length to explain the risk of incorrect acceptance and its relation to audit risk, inherent risk, control risk, and analytical procedures risk - even incorporating these variables in an audit risk model. However, the risk of incorrect rejection (RIR) receives scant attention. It is explained as a feature related to audit efficiency. Other than a brief mention, GAAS gives very little guidance on ways and means of exercising professional judgment to determine an appropriate RIR for an audit sampling application.