FORAGING SITE DISPLACEMENT IN COMMON CRANE FLOCKS

Optimal foraging theory predicts that an individual should resort to i ntraspecific kleptoparasitism when this foraging strategy helps to max imize its intake rate. Thus aggressor and victim should be foraging at lower and higher rates, respectively, than the flock average (intake rate maximization). Independent of the maximization principle, moreove r, an aggressor should attack when its intake rate falls below a thres hold critical for survival, and select a victim foraging at an intake rate high enough to ensure survival (starvation risk minimization). We tested both hypotheses using 324 aggressive displacements from feedin g sites observed in flocks of common cranes, Gills grus, foraging on c ereal fields. Aggressors attacked cranes feeding at higher rates than average birds. The immediate consequences of a successful attack were an increase in intake rate for the aggressor and a decrease for the vi ctim. The intake rate of the aggressor prior to the attack was lower t han both the mean intake rate of the flock and the minimum intake rate necessary to cover basic metabolic needs. After displacing its victim , the intake rate of the aggressor was higher than before the attack a nd also higher than the average intake rate of the flock. The intake r ate of the aggressor after the attack was not higher than the mean int ake rate of the flock, however, when the time spent on the attack was included. We conclude that cranes used a kleptoparasitic strategy to r ecover from temporary reductions in feeding rate. This was particularl y the case below the threshold of intake necessary for survival. (C) 1 998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.