Improving upon the National Adult Education Programme, the National Li
teracy Mission (NLM) made the demand for literacy from the illiterates
as an entry point to generate mass participation in adult literacy pr
ogrammes. The total literacy campaigns (TLCs) launched under the auspi
ces of NLM in various districts of the country nor only energised gove
rnment officials and general populace but distinctly empowered the dis
advantaged sections of the society. Yet, given the limited human, mate
rial and financial resources in an administrative set up, and the negl
ect of post-literacy and continuing education phase, the TLCs would ac
hieve their goal in a more systematic manner if alternative strategies
by local voluntary agencies and social action groups too are encourag
ed by the zilla saksharatha samitis.