Cube root asymptotics

We establish a new functional central limit theorem for empirical processes indexed by classes of functions. In a neighborhood of a fixed parameter point, an n−1/3 rescaling of the parameter is compensated for by an n2/3 rescaling of the empirical measure, resulting in a limiting Gaussian process. By means of a modified continuous mapping theorem for the location of the maximizing value, we deduce limit theorems for several statistics defined by maximization or constrained minimization of a process derived from the empirical measure. These statistics include the short, Rousseeuw's least median of squares estimator, Manski's maximum score estimator, and the maximum likelihood estimator for a monotone density. The limit theory depends on a simple new sufficient condition for a Gaussian process to achieve its maximum almost surely at a unique point.