Further observations on the epidemiology and spread of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in southeastern Australia and a recommended sampling strategy for surveillance
Rj. Whittington et al., Further observations on the epidemiology and spread of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in southeastern Australia and a recommended sampling strategy for surveillance, DIS AQU ORG, 35(2), 1999, pp. 125-130
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) is an iridovirus confined to
Australia and is known only from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and red
fin perch Perca fluviatilis. Outbreaks of disease caused by EHNV in trout p
opulations have invariably been of low severity, affecting only 0+ post-hat
chery phase fingerlings <125 mm in length. To date the virus has been demon
strated in very few live in-contact fish, and anti-EHNV antibodies have not
been found in survivors of outbreaks, suggesting low infectivity but high
case fatality rates in trout. During an on-going study on an endemically in
fected farm (Farm A) in the Murrumbidgee River catchment of southeastern Ne
w South Wales, EHNV infection was demonstrated in 4 to 6 wk old trout finge
rlings in the hatchery as well as in 1+ to 2+ grower fish. During a separat
e investigation of mortalities in 1+ to 2+ trout on Farm B in the Shoalhave
n River catchment in southeastern New South Wales, EHNV infection was demon
strated in both fingerlings and adult fish in association with nocardiosis.
A 0.7 % prevalence of antibodies against EHNV was detected by ELISA in the
serum of grower fish at this time, providing the first evidence that EHNV
might not kill all infected trout. EHNV infection on Farm B occurred after
transfer of fingerlings from Farm C in the Murrumbidgee river catchment. Wh
en investigated, there were no obvious signs of diseases on Farm C. 'Routin
e' mortalities were collected over 10 d on Farm C and EHNV was detected in
2.1 % of 190 fish. Tracing investigations of sources of supply of fingerlin
gs to Farm B also led to investigation of Farm D in Victoria, where the pre
valence of anti-EHNV antibodies in 3+ to 4+ fish was 1.3 %. The results of
this study indicate that EHNV may be found in trout in all age classes, nee
d not be associated with clinically detectable disease in the population, c
an be transferred with shipments of live fish, can be detected in a small p
roportion of 'routine' mortalities and may be associated with specific anti
bodies in a small proportion of older fish. Sampling to detect EHNV for cer
tification purposes should be based on examination of 'routine' mortalities
rather than random samples of Live fish. Antigen-capture ELISA can be used
as a cost effective screening test to detect EHNV on a farm provided that
sampling rates conform with statistical principles.