Flower and pollen structure of Ruscaceae in relation to Aspidistreae and other Convallariaceae

Rower and pollen structure is described in Danae Ruscus and Semele (Ruscace ae) and Aspidistra, Tupistra and Rohdea (Convallariaceae-Aspidistreae) in o rder to assess a possible relationship between them. Ovules are crassinucel late in Danae Ruscus and Semele. Pollen is monosulcate in Danae Ruscus and Rohdea, diffuse-sulcate to inaperturate in Semele and Tupistra, and inapert urate in Aspidistra. Exine sculpturing varies from almost psilate (smooth) in Ruscus to perforate-reticulate in Rohdea, scabrate in Aspidistra, Danae Semele and most other Convallariaceae sensu late, and scabrate-verrucate in Tupistra.