Group A streptococcal vaccines

The pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections, and antigens that con tribute to protective immune responses are reviewed. Several approaches to vaccine development are discussed. Data are provided from preclinical studi es of multivalent M protein-based vaccines that evoke protective antibodies in laboratory animals. Also discussed are future strategies for the develo pment of broadly protective vaccines, and their potential impact on the inc idence of streptococcal infections, and acute rheumatic fever.