Immunohistological analysis of cytokine expression in human osteoarthriticand healthy cartilage

Objective. To investigate osteoarthritic cartilage in comparison to normal cartilage in humans for the presence of the most relevant cytokines/growth factors known to be important for degradation and formation of new cartilag e. Methods. Cartilage from knee or hip joints was obtained from 10 patients wi th osteoarthritis (OA) and from 7 age marched control patients with intact cartilage. Additionally, normal cartilage from 7 young patients (12 and 17 years old) was obtained after knee traumas. Immunohistological staining of cartilage sections was performed using antibodies for the following cytokin es/growth factors: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 a lpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, interferon-gamma, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, transfor ming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF -I), IGF-II, platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), and PDGF-BB, Results. Immunohistochemical stainings were positive for all cytokines in O A cartilage, while only a faint or no staining was found in healthy cartila ge. Activated chondrocytes expressing most of the cytokines were located in the middle and partly in the lower layer of cartilage, with the exception of IGF-I, which was expressed exclusively in the upper cartilage layer clos e to the surface. More chondrocytes stained positive for TNF-alpha, than fo r IL-I, and expression of the degrading cytokine TNF-alpha was inversely co rrelated to the expression of the regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and TGF -beta. Conclusion, The most relevant cytokines known to be involved in cartilage m etabolism are produced by chondrocytes themselves, They are upregulated in OA cartilage, suggesting that they serve some regulatory function and could be a target for future treatment.