R. Balena et al., Effects of different regimens of sodium fluoride treatment for osteoporosis on the structure, remodeling and mineralization of bone, OSTEOPOR IN, 8(5), 1998, pp. 428-435
We compared initial and final bone histomorphometric findings in 66 osteopo
rotic patients treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) according to three regime
ns, and in 7 osteoporotic patients who did not receive NaF. Fourteen patien
ts received continuous NaF 75 mg/day (high-dose) with calcium 1500 mg/day f
or a mean of 11 months. Twenty-six patients received continuous NaF 50 mg/d
ay (low-dose) with calcium 2000 mg/day for a mean of 15 months, either with
(10 patients) or without (16 patients) vitamin D. Twenty-six patients rece
ived cyclical low-dose NaF, alternating with vitamin D, for a mean of 15 mo
nths and a total treatment duration of 28 months, of whom 14 were and 12 we
re not on NaF at the time of the second biopsy. Disregarding differences be
tween regimens, there were significant increases in total and mineralized b
one volume and trabecular thickness and nonsignificant decreases in these m
easurements in the control group. Fluoride-induced bone formation was exclu
sively appositional with no evidence for the creation of new trabeculae. Th
e effect of low-dose NaF on bone structure was the same when the same total
dose was given continuously or intermittently, and when the patient was or
was not taking vitamin D. The increases in total and mineralized bone volu
me but not trabecular thickness were greater with high-dose than with low-d
ose NaF. Low-dose NaF caused modest but significant increases in all osteoi
d indices, and modest but significant declines in adjusted apposition rate
and osteoid maturation rate and no change in bone formation rate. With high
-dose NaF, the increase in BV/TV was greater but all indices of osteoid acc
umulation were much higher and all indices of impaired osteoblast function
and mineralization were much lower, and 12 of 14 patients had some form of
osteomalacia. This occurred also in 3 of 30 patients treated with few-dose
NaF who were not taking vitamin D; the mean increase in osteoid thickness w
as significantly greater in these patients than in 22 low-dose patients who
were taking vitamin D. We conclude: (1) The inconsistent effect of NaF in
increasing bone strength is partly due to failure to restore connectivity i
n patients with severe bone loss and partly due to substantial osteoid accu
mulation. (7) Even low-dose NaF causes impaired osteoblast function, but th
is is much greater with high-dose prolonged therapy. (3) There is an unexpl
ained discrepancy between the increase in bone formation implied by increas
es in spinal bone mineral and the lack of increase in bone formation measur
ed histomorphometrically. ( I) Defective mineralization is more closely rel
ated to the total cumulative dose of NaF than to the duration of treatment,
and with low-dose treatment may be preventable by vitamin D. (5) Future cl
inical trials should be carried out with smaller doses of NaF and before th
ere has been substantial loss of horizontal trabeculae in the spine.