Development of the EURO-D scale - a European Union initiative to compare symptoms of depression in 14 European centres

Background In an 11 -country European collaboration, 14 population based su rveys included 21 724 subjects aged greater than or equal to 65 years. Most participating centres used the Geriatric Mental State (GMS), but other mea sures were also used. Aims To derive from-these instruments a common depression symptoms scale, t he EURO - D, to allow comparison of risk factor profiles between centres. Method Common items were identified from the instruments. Algorithms for fi tting items to GMSwere derived by observation of item correspondence or: ex pert opinion. The resulting 12-item scale was checked for internal consiste ncy, criterion validity and uniformity of factor-analytic profile. Results The EURO-D is internally consistent, capturing the essence of its : parent instrument. A two-factor solution seemed appropriate: depression, t earfulness and wishing to die loaded on the fi rst factor (affective suffer ing), and loss of interest, poor concentration and lack of enjoyment on the second (motivation). Conclusions The EURO-D scale should permit valid comparison of risk-factor associations between centres, even if between-centre variation remains diff icult to attribute. Declaration of interest The European Commission BIOMED I initiative funded this Concerted Action Programme.