Simulation of water networks containing controlling elements

Theoretical models for hydraulic network analysis often assume idealized pi pe networks. Practical network packages, however, allow for a variety of ne cessary controlling elements. Sometimes these are introduced as generalized pipe elements, thus hiding the inherent discontinuous operation of nonretu rn valves and pressure reduction valves. It is well known that the inclusio n of such elements may cause numerical difficulties because of singularitie s. This paper presents an algorithm based on loop equations. It features a dynamic loop structure that is updated automatically according to the state of the controlling elements, It is shown that this provides a logical solu tion to the discontinuous operation of the controlling elements and also re sults in a highly efficient network simulation algorithm.