TEMPERATURE is a determining factor in the performance of solid-state devic
es and circuits. Temperature influences device operating state characterist
ics and performance, and is a crucial variable when estimating electronic d
evices' lifetime. Most failure mechanisms of semiconductor devices are acce
lerated at higher operating temperatures, and an antiquated rule of thumb s
uggests that for every 10 degrees C rise in temperature, the failure rate d
oubles. Also, limiting device temperatures can be the key to meet performan
ce criteria. Higher operating temperatures usually degrade device performan
ce, for example, by reducing gain, efficiency, and increasing leakage curre
nts.