Molecular determinants of the estrogen receptor-coactivator interface

Transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor is mediated through its interaction with coactivator proteins upon ligand binding. By systematic m utagenesis, we have identified a group of conserved hydrophobic residues in the ligand binding domain that are required for binding the p160 family of coactivators. Together with helix 12 and lysine 366 at the C-terminal end of helix 3, they form a hydrophobic groove that accommodates an LXXLL motif , which is essential for mediating coactivator binding to the receptor. Fur thermore, we demonstrated that the high-affinity binding of motif 2, conser ved in the p160 family, is due to the presence of three basic residues N te rminal to the core LXXLL motif. The recruitment of p160 coactivators to the estrogen receptor is therefore likely to depend not only on the LXXLL moti f making hydrophobic interactions with the docking surface on the receptor, but also on adjacent basic residues, which may be involved in the recognit ion of charged residues on the receptor to allow the initial docking of the motif.