Viral respiratory tract infections are a major cause of wheezing in infants
. Investigators determined that 80% to 85% of school-aged children with whe
ezing episodes were tested positive for vints. To more fully understand how
viral respiratory tract infections influence asthma, investigators have ev
aluated the effect of respiratory tract infections on airway symptoms, func
tion, and inflammation. Although the mechanisms by which respiratory viruse
s enhance lower airway inflammation are not established cytokines may play
a key role in this process. The respiratory epithelial cell is a principal
host for respiratory virus replication and is likely to be the first source
of cytokines during an acute infection. T cells orchestrate immune respons
es to both allergens and viruses, and regulate effector cells with virucida
l and proinflammatory effects. Although studies demonstrate that virus-spec
ific T cells may contribute to virus-induced lung disease, evidence to defi
ne the role of virus-specific T lymphocytes in asthma has nor been fully es
tablished Some infections early in life may also have an important immunore
gularly role in the subsequent development of allergy and asthma. Atopy is
characterised by exaggerated Th-2 cell responses to common allergens with s
ecretion of cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 that promote IgE production and
eosinophil activation. In contrast, childhood infections typically induce
a Th-l cell response, characterised by secretion of interferon-gamma, which
enhances the antiviral activities of effector cells. These two types of T
cell responses are mutually antagonistic. (C) 1999 Elsevier, Paris.