Mucosal Th1- versus Th2-type responses for antibody- or cell-mediated immunity to simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus macaques

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific B cell responses and the Th1- or Th2-type profiles of cytokine expression were determined for rhesus maca ques immunized with SIV antigens via the iliac lymph nodes (by use of a tar geted lymph node [TLN] procedure) or orally with SIV p55(gag) plus cholera toxin (CT) as a mucosal adjuvant. Analysis of CD4(+) T cells purified from SIV-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of immunized macaques rev ealed that Th2 cytokine production gradually increased after the second and third TLN immunization, Analysis of m-specific B cell responses revealed t hat peak. SIV-specific IgA B cell responses followed the third TLN immuniza tion and occurred during peak Th2-type T cell responses. OL al immunization of macaques with p55(gag) plus CT induced interferon-gamma-secreting Th1-t ype and select Th2-type cytokine-producing CDC T helper cells, which most l ikely accounted for the induction of p55-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses.