Three-dimensional orientations of polymer-bound single molecules

Utilizing noninvasive far- and near-field microscopy techniques, the dipole emission patterns of individual molecules have been directly visualized. B y accurately modeling the imaging system upon introduction of specific aber rations, fits of simulated to observed molecular images have enabled true t hree-dimensional single-molecule orientation determinations at room tempera ture. Following emission pattern changes in time, this new imaging techniqu e has enabled observation of individual molecule rotational motions within polymeric hosts. Such single-molecule orientational diffusion measurements cannot only probe nanoscale polymer dynamics, but should also lead to enhan ced understandings of many materials and biological systems.