Surface structure and particulate generation in Pb0.97Nd0.02(Zr0.55Ti0.45)O-3 ablation targets during pulsed laser deposition

A pulsed XeCl excimer laser was used to deposit amorphous Nd-modified lead zirconate titanate thin films with thicknesses between 25 and 500 nm, Atomi c force microscopy was used to study the thin-film surface morphology and t o determine the particulate number density (PND) on film surfaces. The depe ndence of the PND and the growth rate of the film on the laser-beam fluence and the density of Pb0.97Nd0.02(Zr0.55Ti0.45)O-3 targets was also studied. It was found that the PND of particulates with diameters larger than 150 m m increased with increasing laser-beam fluence and decreased with increasin g target density. The surface morphology and quality of the target after ab lation were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The generation of lase r-cone structures and particulates at the target surface was also studied. X-ray diffraction measurements and element analyses by the energy dispersiv e spectroscopy of X-rays revealed the formation of extra compounds and phas es at the target surface during ablation processes. Raman spectroscopy was also used to study the structure of the topmost surface layer of the target after ablation.