Arteriovenous fistula of the thyroid gland associated with spontaneous bleeding from a flow-induced aneurysm of the inferior thyroid artery

A case of acute, spontaneous cervical hemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneur ysm of the inferior thyroid artery is described, This lesion was accompanie d by an arteriovenous fistula within the thyroid gland that caused a flow-i nduced aneurysm. Diagnosis and treatment were successfully performed by sel ective angiography with endovascular occlusion and embolization, Both diagn ostic and therapeutic management are discussed, and the related literature is reviewed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an aneury sm of a thyroid artery in conjunction with an intraparenchymatous arteriove nous fistula of the thyroid gland.