Euchromatic domains in plant chromosomes as revealed by H4 histone acetylation and early DNA replication

Using specific polyclonal antisera raised against acetylated isoforms of hi stone H4, we have analyzed their distribution in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia (syn. Melandrium album) possessing heteromorphic sex chromosomes . Our previous studies on this species have shown that one of the two X chr omosomes in homogametic female cells is heavily methylated and late replica ting, as a possible consequence of dosage compensation. Here we report that there are no detectable differences in intensity and distribution of H4 ac etylation between these two X chromosomes. In S. latifolia only distal-subt elomeric chromosome regions, on both the sex chromosomes and autosomes, dis play strong signals of H4 acetylation at N-terminal lysines 5, 8, and 12. T hese acetylated domains correspond to the very early replicating distal chr omosome regions as revealed by 5-bromodeoxyuridine pulses followed by the i ndirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The distribution of H4 acetylated at lysine 16 was uniform along the chromosomes. The unique distal-subtelomeri c H4 acetylation signals were also observed in three other Silene species ( S. vulgaris, S. pendula, and S. chalcedonica), but not in two non-related p lant species tested (Allium cepa and Nicotiana tabacum). The presented data as well as our recent studies on the structure of S. latifolia chromosome ends indicate that Silene species possess the specific distal-subtelomeric location of euchromatin, gene-rich regions on chromosomes.