An investigation of external flows with various pressures and surfaces

Flow and convective heat transfer characteristics are considered by solving the mass, momentum and energy equations for two dimensional laminar and tu rbulent boundary lavers at zero, favourable and adverse pressure gradients, including the influence of unheated starting length, surface curvature and free stream pressure gradients. The numerical predictions have been compar ed with approximate methods and experimental results. Results showed that S tanton numbers in laminar flat plates increased in all favourable pressure gradients and but increased only in moderate favourable pressure gradients of concave walls. On the other hand, Stanton numbers decreased both with ad verse pressure gradients in laminar flow and with favorable pressures in tu bulent flows. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.