Multielement microanalysis and pattern characterisation of historical violin varnishes

Micro samples of historical varnishes originating from stringed instruments have been analysed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. More than 15 el ements were detected and several elements could be related to additives or siccatives used to influence the properties of the varnish. The results of the multielement analyses are presented as relative mass fractions. The vis ualisation of characteristic patterns of each sample using star plots makes it possible to differ between the varnishes and also to distinguish modem varnishes from historical varnishes. Ratios of the elements Cu and Zn as we ll as Pb and Ca present in nearly all varnishes are determined and their di stribution is discussed.