Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) infection on wheat and barley: symptoms, yield loss and transmission through seed

Wheat and barley crops were shown to be susceptible to Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) under field conditions. In wheat, the Hyderabad isolate of IPC V (IPCV-H) induced symptoms resembling the rosette caused by soil-borne whe at mosaic virus, and these were apparent only three weeks after emergence. Early-infected plants were severely stunted and dark green, with chlorotic streaks on the youngest leaves, which turned necrotic as the plants aged; m ost of these plants died. Late-infected plants were also stunted and were c onspicuous in the field because of their dark green appearance as a result of delayed maturity. The virus was detected by ELISA and nucleic acid hybri dization in all plants with symptoms. These plants usually produced fewer t illers than healthy ones. Spikes were malformed, often did not emerge from the flag leaf, and they contained few shrivelled seeds. Grain yield was dec reased, on average, by 58%. In barley, IPCV-H caused severe stunting and ge neral leaf chlorosis. As the plants aged, the leaves became necrotic and th e few infected plants that reached maturity produced small spikes. IPCV-H a ntigens were detected by ELISA in every wheat seed from infected plants and the virus was transmitted through wheat seed at a frequency of 0.5-1.3%. S torage at 4 degrees C for more than a year did not affect seed transmission frequency. The virus was detected in leaves and roots of seed-transmitted plants. Seed transmission was not detected in barley. The Durgapura isolate (IPCV-D) was detected in wheat crops (cv. RR-21) at 3 different locations in Rajasthan State, India. Infected plants showed reduced growth without an y overt symptoms.