Grain refining of structural steels by dispersion of fine oxide particles

Steel toughness has been greatly improved in the last two decades by adopti ng innovative technologies such as advanced steelmaking, grain refinement a nd thermo-mechanical treatment. The technology of oxide metallurgy is not a simple part of either chemical metallurgy or physical metallurgy, It aims at the generation of finely dispersed oxides by chemical metallurgy and usi ng these oxides together with the methods of physical metallurgy such as IG F (intragranular ferrite) technology and phase transformation, Oxide metall urgy can be an effective way in addition to the conventional austenite grai n refinement to obtain higher toughness for structural steels.