Ultrasound-enhanced latex immunoagglutination and PCR as complementary methods for non-culture-based confirmation of meningococcal disease

Preadmission administration of antibiotics to patients with suspected menin gococcal infection has decreased the likelihood of obtaining an isolate and has stimulated development of rapid and reliable non-culture-based diagnos tic methods. The sensitivity of the conventional test card latex agglutinat ion test (TCLAT) for detection of capsular polysaccharide has been reported to be suboptimal. In the United Kingdom meningococcal DNA detection by PCR has become readily available and is now used as a first-line investigation . Recently, the performance of latex antigen detection has been markedly im proved by ultrasound enhancement. Three tests for laboratory confirmation o f meningococcal infection, (i) PCR assays, (ii) TCLAT, and (iii) ultrasound -enhanced latex agglutination test (USELAT), were compared in a retrospecti ve study of 125 specimens (serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens ) from 90 patients in whom meningococcal disease was suspected on clinical grounds. Samples were from patients with (i) culture-confirmed meningococca l disease, (ii) culture-negative but PCR-confirmed meningococcal disease, a nd (iii) clinically suspected but non-laboratory-confirmed meningococcal di sease. USELAT was found to be nearly five times more sensitive than TCLAT. Serogroup characterization was obtained by both PCR and USELAT for 44 sampl es; all results were concordant and agreed with the serogroups determined f or the isolates when the serogroups were available. For 12 samples negative by USELAT, the serogroup was determined by PCR; however, for 12 other spec imens for which PCR had failed to indicate the serogroup, USELAT gave a res ult. USELAT is a rapid, low-cost method which can confirm a diagnosis, iden tify serogroups, and guide appropriate management of meningococcal disease contacts. A complementary non-culture-based confirmation strategy of USELAT for local use supported by a centralized PCR assay service for detection o f meningococci would give the benefits of timely information and improved e pidemiological data.