Ka. Elamrawi et He. Elsayed-ali, Preparation and operation of hydrogen cleaned GaAs(100) negative electron affinity photocathodes, J VAC SCI A, 17(3), 1999, pp. 823-831
We report on the preparation and operating conditions of negative electron
affinity GaAs, cesium-oxygen activated photocathodes, cleaned using atomic
hydrogen generated by a thermal cracking source. Atomic hydrogen is effecti
ve in removing surface contaminants and in producing a smooth reconstructed
surface free of oxides and carbon compounds at a relatively low GaAs tempe
rature. A clean (2x4) reconstructed GaAs(100) reflection high-energy electr
on diffraction (RHEED) pattern is obtained after atomic hydrogen cleaning.
From the RHEED patterns, the thickness of the cesium layer that causes maxi
mum photoemission is estimated to be similar to 0.5 monolayer. High quantum
efficiency photocathodes (similar to 12%) are produced after activation to
negative electron affinity. Atomic hydrogen cleaning is effective not only
in the initial cleaning but also in reviving the photocathode after its pe
rformance is degraded by operation. The GaAs is kept at 500 degrees C durin
g the cleaning process, a temperature that preserves the arsenic stabilized
surface necessary for negative electron affinity activation. By reducing t
he accelerating voltage of the photoemitted electrons and the photocurrent
intensity, and by keeping a low level-of continuous cesiation, the photocat
hode lifetime can be significantly enhanced. (C) 1999 American Vacuum Socie
ty. [S0734-2101(99)00903-3].