Mb. Goldfinger et al., DIRECTED ELECTROPHILIC CYCLIZATIONS - EFFICIENT METHODOLOGY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FUSED POLYCYCLIC AROMATICS, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119(20), 1997, pp. 4578-4593
A versatile method for the synthesis of complex, fused polycyclic arom
atic systems in high chemical yield is described. Construction is achi
eved using a general two-step synthetic sequence. Pd-catalyzed Suzuki
and Negishi type cross-coupling chemistries allow for the preparation
of nonfused skeletal ring systems in yields consistently > 80%. The cr
itical ring-forming step, which generally proceeds in very high to qua
ntitative yield, utilizes 4-alkoxyphenylethynyl groups and is induced
by strong electrophiles such as trifluoroacetic acid and iodonium tetr
afluoroborate. The reaction in essence produces phenanthrene moieties
which are integrated into extended polycyclic aromatic structures. Fus
ed polycyclic benzenoids as well as benzenoid/thiophene systems may be
prepared utilizing this methodology. The scope of the described cross
-coupling/cyclization chemistry including mechanistic insights and pro
blematic side reactions are described.