Relationship between late-season severity of Stewart's bacterial wilt and seed infection in maize

The relationship between the amount of foliar disease on maize plants and s eed contamination by the causal bacterium, Pantoea stewartii, was studied b y comparing disease severity on adult plants with results from laboratory s eed tests. Seventy-seven naturally infected maize lines (25 in 1990 and 52 in 1992) were selected and assigned to one of six disease severity classes based on the percentage of ear leaf tissue killed by Stewart's wilt: trace to 2%, 6 to 14%, 25 to 34%, 35 to 49%, 50 to 74%, and 75 to 100%. Ears were harvested from 10 to 20 plants representative of the disease class for eac h maize line, and seeds were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E LISA) of bulk-seed samples. Seed infection percentages were estimated from the bulk-test results by using statistical equations for group testing. The accuracy of the bulk-seed method for estimating seed infection was validat ed by comparison with 300-kernel single-seed tests. Infected seed was detec ted only from seed of plants with greater than or equal to 25% disease seve rity; however, 45 of 63 such seed lots had no infection. Three seed lots ha d >5% infected seeds, all from plants with >50% disease severity. The resul ts suggest a possible threshold level between 15 and 25% disease severity f or Stewart's wilt on leaves before bacteria are detected in seed. This stud y describes a relatively simple method for estimating the incidence of infe cted seeds in a seed lot and contributes additional evidence to indicate th at the chance of spreading P. stewartii from U.S.-produced maize seeds is l ow.