Liquid membrane extraction in analytical sample preparation I. Principles

Membrane-based extraction techniques offer efficient alternatives to classi cal sample preparation techniques by making use of the advantages of liquid -liquid extraction, such as the possibility of tuning the selectivity by ch emical means, and by avoiding the disadvantages, such as solvent consumptio n and the need for manual handling. They permit high selectivity and high e nrichment factors, as well as giving good possibilities for automation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.