Famous North American wolves and the credibility of early wildlife literature

We evaluated the credibility of early literature about famous North America n wolves (Canis lupus). Many famous wolves were reported to be older than t hey actually were, and we estimated they did not live long enough to have c aused purported damage to livestock and game animals. Wolf kill rates on fr ee-ranging livestock appeared to be inflated compared to recently published kill rates on native ungulates and livestock. Surplus killing of sheep and goats may have accounted for some high kill rates, but surplus killing of free-ranging longhorn cattle probably did not occur. Some famous wolves may actually have been dogs (C. familiaris), wolf-dog hybrids, or possibly coy ote (C. latrans)-dog hybrids. We documented instances where early authors a ppeared to embellish or fabricate information about famous wolves. Caution should be exercised when using early literature about wolves as a basis for wolf management decisions.