Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies
J. Isaac-renton et al., Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies, AM J TROP M, 60(4), 1999, pp. 578-583
Citations number
15
Categorie Soggetti
Envirnomentale Medicine & Public Health","Medical Research General Topics
This study was carried out to compare cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis sero
prevalence rates in residents of three communities. Community (Com 1) uses
drinking water from deep wells, community 2 (Com 2) uses surface water from
a protected watershed, and community 3 (Com 3) uses surface water frequent
ly containing Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Unfiltered drinkin
g water from each community was collected at the tap and tested for Cryptos
poridium oocysts and Giardia cysts during the 12 months in which sera were
collected for testing. No oocysts or cysts were detected in the water from
the Com 1 deep wells; oocysts and cysts were detected intermittently in the
drinking water from the other two communities. A waterborne outbreak of cr
yptosporidiosis occurred in a municipality adjacent to Com 3 six months int
o this 12-month study. Sera from residents of each of the communities were
collected proportionately by month and by population size. Coded sera were
tested for IgG to Cryptosporidium using a previously developed Western blot
ting method. The presence or absence of bands at 15-17 kD and/or 27 kD was
recorded for the 1,944 sera tested. Definite bands at 15-17 kD and/or 27 kD
were detected in 981 (50.5%) of the sera. A total of 33.2% of sera from Co
m 1 (community using deep wells) were positive using the same criteria comp
ared with 53.5% (Com 2) and 52.5% (Com 3) of sera from the two communities
using surface drinking water Both bands (15-17 kD plus 27 kD) were detected
in 582 sera (29.9%) from the three communities: 14.1% of sera from Com 1 c
ompared with 32.7% from Com 2 and 31.5% from Corn 3, These findings are con
sistent with a lower risk of exposure to Cryptosporidium from drinking wate
r obtained from deep well sources. However, analysis of results by calendar
quarter showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the number of Com 3 p
ositive sera (compared with Com I) following the waterborne outbreak. Witho
ut this outbreak-related observation, a significant overall difference in s
eropositivity would not have been seen. We also observed that in sera from
the community affected by the outbreak, the presence on immunoblots of both
Cryptosporidium bands appeared to be the best indicator of recent infectio
n. Seroprevalence rates using an ELISA to detect IgG to Giardia were estima
ted using the same sera. Overall 30.3% (590 of 1,944) of sera were positive
by the ELISA. A total of 19.1% of sera from Com 1, 34.7% from Com 2 and 16
.0% from Com 3 were seropositive. Rates for both Com 3 and Corn 1 did not c
hange significantly over time. In Com 2, rates decreased significantly (P <
0.001) during the last half of the study period (third and fourth calendar
quarters). The reasons for the decrease in seroprevalence in Com 2 sera ar
e presently not known. These studies show intriguing associations between s
eroprevalence, outbreak-related laboratory serologic data, and patterns of
parasite contamination of drinking water. Further studies are required to v
alidate the serologic approach to risk assessment of waterborne parasitic i
nfections at a community level.