Inefficiency in surgical training has been identified as a result of low ra
tes of supervision, with direct teaching of operating by consultants occurr
ing in less than 20% of cases in papers dealing with general surgery and ca
rdiac surgery training. The introduction of an audit system in an orthopaed
ic training programme was associated with an improvement of teaching from a
n already high 30% to 40% of ceases. A logbook programme was introduced whi
ch allows easy analysis of the distribution of experience on an anatomical
basis.