Force and torque computations with hybrid methods

Alternative methods are presented for computing the magnetic forces and tor ques associated with hybrid solutions of magnetostatic or eddy current prob lems. The challenge is to retrieve the forces not just accurately but also with as little extra work as possible. We analyze several methods and the e rrors inherent in them. The analysis shows that the equivalent currents met hod is the best approach for computing forces with hybrid solutions. Force values obtained with test problems by using the proposed methods, including the coupling of the computed forces to the equations of motion, are compar ed to analytical and measured results.