Temperature modulation effects on a material's properties: Thermodynamics and dielectric relaxation during polymerization

Because of the nonlinear change in the properties of a material with change in temperature, sinusoidal temperature modulation will alter the magnitude of a measured property and the rate of an irreversible transformation. The se effects are mathematically described and elaborated. From real-time diel ectric spectroscopy and calorimetric measurements performed on a model liqu id undergoing stepwise network structure polymerization until its vitrifica tion, it is shown that the effects of sinusoidal temperature modulation are substantial, and need to be considered in the analysis of the data. Featur es that appear in the plots against time vanish in plots against the extent of polymerization, an intrinsic property. Fourier transform of the heat fl ow in response to a sinusoidal temperature modulation may help determine th e magnitude of this effect in the form of second or higher order harmonic t erms. This in turn may be used to calculate the temperature and time depend ence of the nonlinear effects. These fundamental aspects will be useful for the current efforts in incorporating sinusoidal temperature modulation in calorimetry. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)50123-2 ].