Lesbians are visible to society health care providers, and researchers as w
omen, not as an identified sub-group of women. Lesbian invisibility contrib
utes to their collective increased vulnerability, as evidenced by decreased
societal and environmental resource availability, threats to social connec
tedness, and barriers in accessing health care. The factors that have led t
o increased vulnerability have shown up in risks of violence, cancer, HIV/A
IDS, and chemical dependency among lesbians.