Functionalized calix[4]pyrroles

The synthesis and properties of a number of functionalized calix[4]pyrroles are described. To date, two generalized preparative approaches have been p ursued. The first involves modifying the basic pyrrole-plus-ketone synthesi s of calix[4]pyrrole by using modified precursors or by co-condensing more than one ketone with pyrrole. The second approach relies on the reaction of a pre-formed calix[4]pyrrole with an electrophile. In both cases, the resu lting species can be subject to further manipulation. In this way a range o f structures, including ones bearing ancillary recognition subunits, electr o- or photochemical reporter groups, and/or water solubilizing substituents may be obtained. Solid supports bearing calix[4]pyrroles may also be produ ced in this way.