Percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts is associated with a higher failure rate than surgical treatment in unselected patients

Objective The primary aim was to compare directly the effectiveness of perc utaneous drainage versus surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts in un selected patients. The authors also wished to identify factors that may pre dict a successful outcome with percutaneous drainage. Summary Background Data Pancreatic pseudocysts are a common complication of pancreatitis, and recent data suggest that many pseudocysts may be observe d or treated successfully by percutaneous drainage. Failures with percutane ous drainage have been recognized increasingly, and a direct comparison of percutaneous and surgical treatment was initiated to identify factors that may affect outcome with these approaches. Methods A computerized index search of the medical records of patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst was performed from 1984 to 1995, One hundred seventy-three patients were identified retrospectively and assigned to treatment groups: observation (n = 41), percutaneous drainage (n = 66), or surgical treatment (n = 66). Data on demographics, clinical presentatio n, pseudocyst etiology and characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, manageme nt, and outcome were obtained. Treatment failure was defined as persistence of a symptomatic pseudocyst or the need for additional intervention other than the original treatment. Results The etiology of pancreatitis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic evaluation did not differ between groups. Twenty-seven percent had documen ted chronic pancreatitis, and the etiology of pancreatitis was alcohol in 6 1% of patients. Mean pseudocyst size was 4.2 +/- 1 cm, 8.2 +/- 1.1 cm, and 7.4 +/- 1.3 cm in the observed, percutaneously treated, and surgically trea ted groups, respectively. Expectant treatment was successful in 93% of pati ents. Percutaneous drainage was successful in 42% of patients, whereas surg ical treatment resulted in a success rate of 88%. Patients treated by percu taneous drainage had a higher mortality rate (16% vs. 0%), a higher inciden ce of complications (84% vs. 27%), and a longer hospital stay (45 +/- 5 day s vs. 18 +/- 2 days) than patients treated by surgery. Eighty-seven percent of patients in whom percutaneous drainage failed required surgical salvage therapy. Multiple logistic regression analysis failed to reveal any factor s significantly associated with a successful outcome after percutaneous dra inage. Conclusions Percutaneous drainage results in higher mortality and morbidity rates and a longer hospital stay than surgical treatment of pancreatic pse udocysts. The clinical benefit of percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseud ocysts in unselected patients has not been realized, and the role of this t reatment should be established in a clinical trial.