A hydro-forming technology of toroidal shells was proposed for manufacturin
g large diameter elbow pipes. The deformation process was simulated using a
n explicit dynamic finite element code ETA/DYNAFORM. The stress/strain dist
ribution during hydro-forming and thinning in the deformed shell were analy
zed, and the reason for observed wrinkling was discussed. The deformed shap
e of the toroidal shell and wrinkle configuration were compared with those
from experiment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.