Orientation specificity occurs in both small- and large-scale imagined routes presented as verbal descriptions

In Experiment 1, participants read a description of a 3-path route. One gro up was asked to imagine the route as a map, and the other group was asked t o imagine walking a return journey along a larger version of the route. Sub sequently, both groups made aligned judgments more accurately and more rapi dly than cantraaligned judgments. In Experiments 2, 3A, and 3B, the orienta tion specificity effect was replicated despite variations in procedure desi gned to attenuate alignment effects. In Experiment 3C, participants visuall y explored computer-simulated environments with the same layout and relativ e dimensions as those presented verbally in Experiments 2 3B. The evidence for alignment effects in time taken to make judgments was weak, and no evid ence of alignment effects was found in accuracy.