Primary socialization theory and a bio/psycho/social/spiritual practice model for substance use

This article supports primary socialization theory as a theory for practiti oners to use in drug-user treatment and prevention interventions. Primary s ocialization theory is compatible with the bio/psycho/social/spiritual prac tice model and targeting the individual within his or her etiological domai ns/situation to initiate specific interventions. Governmental institutions are posited as an additional secondary socialization factor for primary soc ialization theory. Gender is stressed as important for primary socializatio n theory and is emphasized for carrying out interventions. [Translations ar e provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.].