The continuum between preferences and aversions for flavoured foods in sheep conditioned by administration of casein doses

The main objective of the experiment was to investigate whether a continuum links the development of conditioned flavour preferences and conditioned f lavour aversions (CFPs and CFAs) in sheep, towards food flavours associated with intraruminal administration of increasing doses of the same nutritive stimulus: casein. A secondary objective teas to investigate the effects of dose of casein administration and the number of repeated exposures to case in on the rate of establishment, magnitude and degree of persistence of dev eloped CFPs and CFAs. The experiment consisted of three conditioning periods teach lasted 8 days) . A food with low crude protein (CP) (39.3 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and metabo lizable energy (ME) (5.3 MJ/kg DM) contents teas used in combination with o ne of two flavours, orange and aniseed, on a total of 48 Texel x Greyface m ale, S-month-old sheep. The sheep were conditioned to associate one flavour added to the test food with a particular dose of casein (Ci suspended in w ater (8.75, 17.5, 35 and 52.5 g per animal), or a different flavoured test food with an equal amount of water. Each dose was administered by gavage th rough a stomach tube twice daily to each animal. At the end of each conditi oning period the preference for the two flavours was measured by a two choi ce preference test between the two flavoured test foods for 40 min. After t he completion of the last conditioning period, three more preference tests (persistence tests), without any intervening exposure to the flavoured test food, were conducted at 7, 21 and 35 days. Preference for the flavoured te st food paired with casein was affected by the interaction (P < 0.001) betw een the dose of casein and casein association respectively Association with casein (DPR: intake of a flavoured test food paired with casein per g feta l intake of flavoured test foods during the preference test) led to CFPs (D PR > 0.70) at the two lowest and to CFAs (DPX < 0.30) at the two highest do ses. CFPs and CFAs were established by the second conditioning and there to ns no difference in the rate of establishment between preferences and avers ions. The persistence tests showed a strong and similar degree of persisten ce of both formed CFPs and CFAs, since these were not affected by time of p ersistence test or by any of the interactions with time. In view of these r esults a model is proposed which could account for the conditioned response s of sheep towards administration of increasing doses of the same nutrient. The existence of a continuum between CFPs and CFAs created by the same nut rient given at different doses, could be the basis of how ruminants select a diet which meets their nutrient requirements at a particular point in tim e and thereby avoid excess of nutrient intake.