We investigated the source mechanism of the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii, earthqua
ke (M-S = 7.2) by modeling the tsunamis observed at three tide-gauge statio
ns, Hilo, Kahului, and Honolulu. We computed synthetic tsunamis for various
fault models. The arrival times and the amplitudes of the synthetic tsunam
is computed for Ando's fault model (fault length = 40 km, fault width = 20
km, strike = N70 degrees E, dip = 20 degrees SE, rake = -90 degrees, fault
depth = 10 km, and slip = 5.6 m) are similar to 10 min earlier and 5 times
smaller than those of the observed, respectively. We tested fault models wi
th different dip angles and depths. Models with a northwest dip direction y
ield larger tsunami amplitudes than those with a southeast dip direction. M
odels with shallower fault depths produce later first arrivals than deeper
models. We also considered the effects of the Hilina fault system, but its
contribution to tsunami excitation is insignificant. This suggests that ano
ther mechanism is required to explain the tsunamis. One plausible model is
a propagating slump model with a 1 m subsidence along the coast and a 1 m u
plift offshore. This model can explain the arrival times and the amplitudes
of the observed tsunamis satisfactorily. An alternative model is a wider f
ault model that dips 10 degrees NW, with its fault plane extending 25 km of
fshore, well beyond the aftershock area of the Kalapana earthquake. These t
wo models produce a similar uplift pattern offshore and, kinematically, are
indistinguishable as far as tsunami excitation is concerned. The total vol
ume of displaced water is estimated to be similar to 2.5 km(3). From the co
mparison of slump model and the single-force model suggested earlier from s
eismological data we prefer a combination of faulting and large-scale slump
ing on the south flank of Kilauea volcano as the most appropriate model for
the 1975 Kalapana earthquake. Two basic mechanisms have been presented for
explaining the deformation of the south flank of Kilauea: (1) pressure and
density variation along the rift zone caused by magma injection and (2) gr
avitational instability due to the steep topography of the south flank of K
ilauea. In either mechanism, large displacements on the south flank are inv
olved that are responsible for the observed large tsunamis.