Jc. Mullin et Wp. Mullin, UNITED-STATES STEELS ACQUISITION OF THE GREAT NORTHERN ORE PROPERTIES- VERTICAL FORECLOSURE OR EFFICIENT CONTRACTUAL GOVERNANCE, Journal of law, economics, & organization, 13(1), 1997, pp. 74-100
This article examines United States Steel Corporation's acquisition by
long-term lease of the iron ore properties of the Great Northern Rail
way. This 1906 transaction, which significantly increased U.S. Steel's
already substantial ore holdings, has been characterized by contempor
ary observers and modern economists as an example of vertical foreclos
ure. We present qualitative and quantitative evidence to support an al
ternative view that the lease generated a net efficiency gain as it pr
omoted relationship-specific investment in the exploitation of the ore
properties.