Serious hazards of transfusion (SHOT) initiative: analysis of the first two annual reports

Objective To receive and collate reports of death or major complications of transfusion of blood or components. Design Haematologists were invited confidentially to report deaths and majo r complications after blood transfusion during October 1996 to September 19 98. S etting Hospitals in United Kingdom and Ireland. Subjects Patients who died or experienced serious complications, as defined below; associated with transfusion of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen p lasma or cryoprecipitate. Main outcome measures Death, "wrong" blood transfused to patient acute and delayed transfusion reactions, transfusion related acute lung injury, trans fusion associated graft versus host disease, post-transfusion purpura, and infection transmitted by transfusion. Circumstances relating to these cases and relative frequency of complications. Results Over 24 months, 366 cases were reported of which 191 (52%) were "wr ong blood to patient" episodes. Analysis of these revealed multiple errors of identification, often beginning when blood was collected from the blood bank. There were 22 deaths from all causes, including three from ABO incomp atibility. There were 12 infections: four bacterial (one fatal), seven vira l, and one fatal case of malaria. During die second 12 months, 164/424 hosp itals (39%) submitted a "nil to report" return. Conclusions Transfusion is now extremely safe, but vigilance is needed to e nsure correct identification of blood and patient Staff education should in clude an awareness of ABO incompatibility and bacterial contamination as ca uses of life threatening reactions to blood.